It is generally slightly larger on the right side than on the left side. Structure. Structure. In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. Each incisive canal transmits a nasopalatine nerve, and an anastomosis of the greater palatine artery and a posterior septal The inner surface of the occipital bone forms the base of the posterior cranial fossa.The foramen magnum is a large hole situated in the middle, with the clivus, a smooth part of the occipital bone travelling upwards in front of it.The median internal occipital crest travels behind it to the internal occipital protuberance, and serves as a point of attachment to the falx cerebri. The jugular foramen is also where the jugular vein and several important nerves exit the skull. In the Neck The skull consists of three parts, of different embryological originthe neurocranium, the sutures, and the facial skeleton (also called the membraneous The incisive canals (also: "nasopalatine canals") are two bony canals of the anterior hard palate connecting the nasal cavity and the oral cavity.An incisive canal courses through each maxilla.Below, the two incisive canals typically converge medially. : 771 The foramen ovale is posterolateral to the foramen rotundum and anteromedial to the foramen spinosum.Posterior and medial to the foramen is the opening for the carotid canal. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into Operative Neurosurgery is proud to offer audio abstracts in 11 different languages, translated and read by native speakers. In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone.It articulates with the zygomatic bone.. Foramina and contents. The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface of the body of the sphenoid.. The pons is the largest part of the brainstem, located above the medulla and below the midbrain.It is a group of nerves that function as a connection between the cerebrum and cerebellum (pons is Latin for bridge). The mean jugular venous pressure is defined as a distance between the midpoint of the right atrium and the palpable jugular venous pulsation. It is at the end of the mandibular canal, which begins at the mandibular foramen on the posterior surface of the mandible. Occipital anatomy external surface Cranial Bone Anatomy: Internal Surface The cerebellum has an important role in co-ordination and fine motor control more information here.. Alongside the gross anatomical structures of the In anatomy, a fossa (/ f s /; plural fossae (/ f s i / or / f s a /); from Latin fossa, "ditch" or "trench") is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the hypophyseal fossa (the depression in the sphenoid bone). The occipital bone located at the skull base features the foramen magnum. This is a large hole that allows the brain and brainstem to connect to the spine. Each of the internal jugular veins runs on either side of the neck under the sternocleidomastoid muscle. : 771 The foramen ovale is posterolateral to the foramen rotundum and anteromedial to the foramen spinosum.Posterior and medial to the foramen is the opening for the carotid canal. The mandibular nerve immediately passes between tensor It begins in the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen, at the base of the skull.It is somewhat dilated at its origin, which is called the superior bulb. Structure. The deep cervical fascia (or fascia colli in older texts) lies under cover of the platysma, and invests the muscles of the neck; it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column.Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap.. The deep cervical fascia (or fascia colli in older texts) lies under cover of the platysma, and invests the muscles of the neck; it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column.Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap.. Skin. Foramina and contents. The posterior cranial fossa is formed in the endocranium, and holds the most basal parts of the brain. : 776 the basilar part of occipital bone, forming the posteromedial border. Anterior cranial fossa; Middle cranial fossa. The facial motor nucleus has dorsal and ventral divisions that contain lower motor neurons supplying the muscles of the upper and lower face, This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward The foramen spinosum is The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones.Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear.The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull This area contains nerve fibers, called glomus bodies. It is caused by a lower motor neuron lesion in the medulla oblongata, or from lesions to these nerves outside the brainstem.This may be caused by any of a number of Central facial palsy (colloquially referred to as central seven) is a symptom or finding characterized by paralysis or paresis of the lower half of one side of the face.It usually results from damage to upper motor neurons of the facial nerve.. The thoracic inlet is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. Within the cranium, the auricular branch arises. Operative Neurosurgery Speaks! Structure. This is a large hole that allows the brain and brainstem to connect to the spine. It exits the cranium via the jugular foramen, with the glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves (CN IX and XI respectively). Structure. The flow of blood to the nasal mucosa, in particular the Some examples include: In the Skull:. Bulbar palsy refers to a range of different signs and symptoms linked to impairment of function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), the vagus nerve (CN X), the accessory nerve (CN XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). It is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve, and stylomastoid artery. An underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa can cause ArnoldChiari malformation. A glomus jugulare tumor grows in the temporal bone of the skull, in an area called the jugular foramen. The jugular foramen is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone. It is caused by a lower motor neuron lesion in the medulla oblongata, or from lesions to these nerves outside the brainstem.This may be caused by any of a number of The final bone of the cranial vault is the occipital bone at the back of the head. It is generally slightly larger on the right side than on the left side. Also an inferior petrosal sinus enters the sigmoid sinus near the jugular foramen. Jugular foramen: The jugular foramen is also an easier one to locate as its shape is more consistent with a fissure than it is with some of the rounder holes we have been talking about. The examiner palpates the internal jugular vein in order to determine the location and quality of the jugular venous pulse. The principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (or chief sensory nucleus of V, main trigeminal sensory nucleus) is a group of second-order neurons which have cell bodies in the caudal pons.. The deep cervical fascia (or fascia colli in older texts) lies under cover of the platysma, and invests the muscles of the neck; it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column.Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap.. Most foramina in which relevant nerves and blood vessels pass through are located at the base of the skull. The pons develops from the embryonic metencephalon (part of the hindbrain, developed from the rhombencephalon), alongside the cerebellum. The cerebellum has an important role in co-ordination and fine motor control more information here.. Alongside the gross anatomical structures of the The skull consists of three parts, of different embryological originthe neurocranium, the sutures, and the facial skeleton (also called the membraneous Contents. Structure. Facial nerve inflammation in Skin. This nerve is involved together with the vagus nerve in the gag reflex. The posterior cranial fossa is formed in the endocranium, and holds the most basal parts of the brain. The thoracic inlet is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly; the first pair of ribs laterally, forming lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior; and the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly. They exit the cranium through the jugular foramen (foramen is a fancy medical term for a hole). This nerve is involved together with the vagus nerve in the gag reflex. The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface of the body of the sphenoid.. The posterior cranial fossa houses the brainstem and cerebellum.. The internal jugular vein is a paired jugular vein that collects blood from the brain and the superficial parts of the face and neck.This vein runs in the carotid sheath with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve.. It begins in the posterior compartment of the jugular foramen, at the base of the skull.It is somewhat dilated at its origin, which is called the superior bulb. The normal mean jugular venous pressure is 6-8 cm H2O (4.4-5.8 mmHg). It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. The mental foramen is located on the anterior surface of the mandible.It is directly below the commisure of the lips, and the tendon of depressor labii inferioris muscle. The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface of the body of the sphenoid.. The final bone of the cranial vault is the occipital bone at the back of the head. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils. Near the middle of the squamous part of occipital bone is the external occipital protuberance, the highest point of which is referred to as the inion.The inion is the most prominent projection of the protuberance which is located at the posterioinferior (rear lower) part of the human skull.The nuchal ligament and trapezius muscle attach to it.. The jugular foramen may be subdivided into The mental foramen is located on the anterior surface of the mandible.It is directly below the commisure of the lips, and the tendon of depressor labii inferioris muscle. The mental foramen is located on the anterior surface of the mandible.It is directly below the commisure of the lips, and the tendon of depressor labii inferioris muscle. The stylomastoid foramen is a foramen between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone of the skull. The final bone of the cranial vault is the occipital bone at the back of the head. The pterygopalatine ganglion (aka Meckel's ganglion, nasal ganglion, or sphenopalatine ganglion) is a parasympathetic ganglion found in the pterygopalatine fossa.It is largely innervated by the greater petrosal nerve (a branch of the facial nerve); and its postsinaptic axons project to the lacrimal glands and nasal mucosa.