vasodilator drugs examples

All of these are potentially complicating and confounding factors when trying to compare drugs. A small number of patients (between 2% and 5%) have an underlying renal or adrenal disease as the cause for their raised blood pressure. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1.14.13.97) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine. Some of the medicines reviewed below are no longer used as the first or second-line treatment options for hypertension. Vasodilators are useful in the management of hypertension, angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and more. There is still much uncertainty about the pathophysiology of hypertension. The vasodilator nitroglycerin is another form of medication measured in micrograms; an example of a dosage is 100 mcg 2 3 4. Malignant hypertension is a term that has been used to describe patients with elevated blood pressure (BP) and multiple complications (End organ damage) with a poor prognosis. Vasodilators are useful in the management of hypertension, angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and more. Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, is used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation. Stepping Down When I became editor-in-chief of The American Journal of Cardiology in June 1982, I certainly did not expect to still be in that position in June 2022, forty years later.More. The vasodilator nitroglycerin is another form of medication measured in micrograms; an example of a dosage is 100 mcg 2 3 4. These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not satisfy Koch's postulates for and is also a vasodilator is being more widely used in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. Medicinal Chemistry Definition. Vasodilator: Opens blood vessels more fully and can help reduce high blood pressure and slow heart failure. If untreated, the condition can result in congestive heart failure. Stepping Down When I became editor-in-chief of The American Journal of Cardiology in June 1982, I certainly did not expect to still be in that position in June 2022, forty years later.More. The biggest culprit with rosacea is red wine. It is highly homologous to CYP3A5, another important CYP3A enzyme.. Medicinal Chemistry Definition. While many drugs are deactivated It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles.The process is the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.. These include iloprost (Ventavis) and treprostinil (Tyvaso). This activity will also highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, and Ibuprofen is a monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group. Systematic Chemical Names. Side-effects include headache, fluid retention, and oedema. Natural and OTC vasodilators are available. You can help by adding to it. The most famous examples of this class of drugs are aspirin and paracetamol. Examples of heart disorders in which drugs are in the top 200 list: Hypertension (high blood pressure) Angina pectoris (chest pain resulting from inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle) Vasodilator. It is highly homologous to CYP3A5, another important CYP3A enzyme.. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. All of these are potentially complicating and confounding factors when trying to compare drugs. Examples of these medicines are felodipine, nifedipine, or lercanidipine. Side-effects include headache, fluid retention, and oedema. According to wine experts, this could be due to the tyramines and histamines found in the wine. Examples of empty strings. Learn about side effects, warnings, dosage, and more. This can be harmful if the feces has any pathogens or parasites or contain excreted drugs. Treatments include surgical closure (ligation), manual closure using platinum coils or specialized mesh inserted via the femoral artery or vein, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to block the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which maintains the vessel in an open position. The potency of the generic drug fentanyl is the reason the drug is measured in micrograms 2 4. This can be harmful if the feces has any pathogens or parasites or contain excreted drugs. Antihypertensive drugs pharmacology is a broad medicinal church. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. To date, only one such study was found, that by de Cham-plain et al. Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat abnormal cardiac rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, etc. antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, and fibrinolytics like tPA (tissue plasminogen activator). non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. From the Editor. In the remainder, however, no clear single identifiable cause is found and their condition is labelled essential hypertension. nifedipine will increase the level or effect of lonafarnib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Examples of heart disorders in which drugs are in the top 200 list: Hypertension (high blood pressure) Angina pectoris (chest pain resulting from inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle) Vasodilator. See a list of drugs and medicines made from plants, the botanical names of the sources, and the medical uses. A diuretic (/ d a j r t k /) is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.This includes forced diuresis.A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet.There are several categories of diuretics. Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels. From the Editor. Synthetic drugs like brompheniramine (Dimetapp), hydroxyzine, viruses and antihistamines. This activity will also highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, and Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1.14.13.97) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine. This activity reviews the indications, actions, and contraindications for vasodilation therapy as a valuable agent in the treatment of hypertension and other related disorders. Vasodilators are useful in the management of hypertension, angina, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and more. Dear Readers, Contributors, Editorial Board, Editorial staff and Publishing team members, nifedipine will increase the level or effect of lonafarnib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Some examples of dihydropyridines include amlodipine, nifedipine, clevidipine, and felodipine. This section needs expansion. A number of physiological mechanisms Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat abnormal cardiac rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, etc. Malignant hypertension is a term that has been used to describe patients with elevated blood pressure (BP) and multiple complications (End organ damage) with a poor prognosis. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and oral hypoglycaemic drugs. A small number of patients (between 2% and 5%) have an underlying renal or adrenal disease as the cause for their raised blood pressure. Examples of drugs in the class Adverse effects Other; Thiazide-like diuretic: Inhibits the Na +-Cl transporter in the DCT; Cardiovascular events in hypertension Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common disease that manifests as elevated systemic arterial pressures. When the blood vessels in your face dilate, they become more visible. This activity reviews the indications, actions, and contraindications for vasodilation therapy as a valuable agent in the treatment of hypertension and other related disorders. ABG, arterial blood gas; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Fio2, fraction of inspired oxygen; ICU, intensive care unit; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; Pco2, carbon dioxide tension; Spo2, arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse The biggest culprit with rosacea is red wine. Targeting reninangiotensin system Vasodilator drugs are poorly tolerated. Examples of heart disorders in which drugs are in the top 200 list: Hypertension (high blood pressure) Angina pectoris (chest pain resulting from inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle) Vasodilator. See a list of drugs and medicines made from plants, the botanical names of the sources, and the medical uses. According to wine experts, this could be due to the tyramines and histamines found in the wine. ABG, arterial blood gas; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Fio2, fraction of inspired oxygen; ICU, intensive care unit; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; Pco2, carbon dioxide tension; Spo2, arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse These include iloprost (Ventavis) and treprostinil (Tyvaso). Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs.In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which are international nonproprietary names (INNs); and trade names, which are brand names. It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles.The process is the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.. Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, is used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation. ACE inhibitors possess many common characteristics with another class of cardiovascular drugs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, which are often used when patients are intolerant of the adverse effects produced by ACE inhibitors.ACE inhibitors do not completely prevent the formation of angiotensin II, as blockage is Examples of these medicines are felodipine, nifedipine, or lercanidipine. Some examples include things such as nitric oxide and carbon dioxide as well as hormones such as acetylcholine, prostaglandins, and histamine. In the remainder, however, no clear single identifiable cause is found and their condition is labelled essential hypertension. Ibuprofen is a monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group. ACE inhibitors possess many common characteristics with another class of cardiovascular drugs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, which are often used when patients are intolerant of the adverse effects produced by ACE inhibitors.ACE inhibitors do not completely prevent the formation of angiotensin II, as blockage is Examples are ACE inhibitors and nitrates. antiplatelet drugs like aspirin, and fibrinolytics like tPA (tissue plasminogen activator). From the Editor in Chief (interim), Subhash Banerjee, MD. Today, the term hypertensive crisis is used to describe patients who present with severe BP elevations as follow: Relax the smooth muscle in blood vessels, which causes the vessels to dilate. There is still much uncertainty about the pathophysiology of hypertension. thus lowering blood pressure. Examples of drugs in the class Adverse effects Other; Thiazide-like diuretic: Inhibits the Na +-Cl transporter in the DCT; Cardiovascular events in hypertension Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common disease that manifests as elevated systemic arterial pressures. Systematic Chemical Names. Ibuprofen is a monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group. Alcohol is a vasodilator, which means it opens the blood vessels. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Systematic Chemical Names. An example of a proper fentanyl transdermal patch is 25 mcg/hour 2. Targeting reninangiotensin system Vasodilator drugs are poorly tolerated. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, an antipyretic, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radical scavenger, a drug An example of a proper fentanyl transdermal patch is 25 mcg/hour 2. Drugs like marijuana and heroin mimic natural neurotransmitters. Ideally, a study comparing the two drugs in a head-to-head manner with proper randomization and assessment should provide more robust data. Some of the medicines reviewed below are no longer used as the first or second-line treatment options for hypertension. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure. A number of physiological mechanisms Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs.In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which are international nonproprietary names (INNs); and trade names, which are brand names. The potency of the generic drug fentanyl is the reason the drug is measured in micrograms 2 4. (March 2010) The empty string is a syntactically valid representation of zero in positional notation (in any base), which does not contain leading zeros. 1. An example of a proper fentanyl transdermal patch is 25 mcg/hour 2. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure. (a potent vasodilator) in our bodys immune system. Avoid coadministration with other drugs that decrease pulse or blood pressure to mitigate risk of excessive bradycardia and hypotension. Examples of vasodilators include: Iloprost (Ventavis) and treprostinil (Tyvaso) Some vasodilator drugs are inhalable. You can help by adding to it. Some drugs used to treat hypertension, such as calcium channel blockers also dilate blood vessels. While many drugs are deactivated This can be harmful if the feces has any pathogens or parasites or contain excreted drugs. vasodilator: Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Theophylline: Diuretic, bronchodilator: Theobroma cacao and others (cocoa, tea) Green Chemistry Examples. All of these are potentially complicating and confounding factors when trying to compare drugs. ### Philosophy of the guideline ### Assessing patients Figure 1 Chart 1: Oxygen prescription for acutely hypoxaemic patients in hospital. If untreated, the condition can result in congestive heart failure. To date, only one such study was found, that by de Cham-plain et al. Minoxidil is an oral medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Causes blood vessels to relax (at low doses, it acts as a vasodilator) or constrict (at high doses, it acts as a vasoconstrictor). Uses for vasodilators. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, an antipyretic, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radical scavenger, a drug ### Philosophy of the guideline ### Assessing patients Figure 1 Chart 1: Oxygen prescription for acutely hypoxaemic patients in hospital. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body. That said, these drugs still retain notable antihypertensive effects and may be used as add-on drugs in cases of treatment-resistant hypertension. Minoxidil is an oral medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). vasodilator: Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Theophylline: Diuretic, bronchodilator: Theobroma cacao and others (cocoa, tea) Green Chemistry Examples. Examples of vasodilators include: Iloprost (Ventavis) and treprostinil (Tyvaso) Some vasodilator drugs are inhalable. Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure. Examples of Mcg. Stepping Down When I became editor-in-chief of The American Journal of Cardiology in June 1982, I certainly did not expect to still be in that position in June 2022, forty years later.More. Common side effects of this type of drug are headache, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction or ED. Avoid coadministration with other drugs that decrease pulse or blood pressure to mitigate risk of excessive bradycardia and hypotension. Synthetic drugs like brompheniramine (Dimetapp), hydroxyzine, viruses and antihistamines. This activity reviews the indications, actions, and contraindications for vasodilation therapy as a valuable agent in the treatment of hypertension and other related disorders. From the Editor in Chief (interim), Subhash Banerjee, MD. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. (March 2010) The empty string is a syntactically valid representation of zero in positional notation (in any base), which does not contain leading zeros. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Menu. Chocolate, oysters, garlic, and fenugreek are a few examples of foods that are often considered natural aphrodisiacs. Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) (EC 1.14.13.97) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine. ### Philosophy of the guideline ### Assessing patients Figure 1 Chart 1: Oxygen prescription for acutely hypoxaemic patients in hospital. Examples. Introduction. The most famous examples of this class of drugs are aspirin and paracetamol. Ideally, a study comparing the two drugs in a head-to-head manner with proper randomization and assessment should provide more robust data. Introduction. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. The vasodilator nitroglycerin is another form of medication measured in micrograms; an example of a dosage is 100 mcg 2 3 4. While many drugs are deactivated . Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. This section needs expansion. Some examples of dihydropyridines include amlodipine, nifedipine, clevidipine, and felodipine. Chocolate, oysters, garlic, and fenugreek are a few examples of foods that are often considered natural aphrodisiacs. Examples of vasodilators include: Iloprost (Ventavis) and treprostinil (Tyvaso) Some vasodilator drugs are inhalable. It is highly homologous to CYP3A5, another important CYP3A enzyme.. Aspirin, chemically known as acetylsalicylic acid, is used to reduce pain, fever, or inflammation. From the Editor. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, an antipyretic, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radical scavenger, a drug These include iloprost (Ventavis) and treprostinil (Tyvaso). But the vasodilators that work directly on the vessel walls are hydralazine and minoxidil. This section needs expansion. There is still much uncertainty about the pathophysiology of hypertension. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. lonafarnib. lonafarnib. Examples of drugs in the class Adverse effects Other; Thiazide-like diuretic: Inhibits the Na +-Cl transporter in the DCT; Cardiovascular events in hypertension Hypertension Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common disease that manifests as elevated systemic arterial pressures. That said, these drugs still retain notable antihypertensive effects and may be used as add-on drugs in cases of treatment-resistant hypertension. The most famous examples of this class of drugs are aspirin and paracetamol. Medicinal Chemistry Definition. Examples of these medicines are felodipine, nifedipine, or lercanidipine. Since the isolation of salicyclate from willow bark in around 1830s, followed by the discovery of aspirin (acetyl salicyclate) by Felix Hoffman of Bayer industry, Germany, in 1897, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been enjoying a blockbuster status in the pharmaceutical industry .In around 500 BCE, even before Antihypertensive drugs pharmacology is a broad medicinal church. nifedipine will increase the level or effect of lonafarnib by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. Drugs like marijuana and heroin mimic natural neurotransmitters. (a potent vasodilator) in our bodys immune system. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body. Antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat abnormal cardiac rhythms such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, etc. vasodilator: Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Theophylline: Diuretic, bronchodilator: Theobroma cacao and others (cocoa, tea) Green Chemistry Examples. These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not satisfy Koch's postulates for and is also a vasodilator is being more widely used in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. Antihypertensive drugs pharmacology is a broad medicinal church. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.. This activity will also highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, and Some drugs used to treat hypertension, such as calcium channel blockers also dilate blood vessels. ABG, arterial blood gas; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Fio2, fraction of inspired oxygen; ICU, intensive care unit; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; Pco2, carbon dioxide tension; Spo2, arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse A small number of patients (between 2% and 5%) have an underlying renal or adrenal disease as the cause for their raised blood pressure. Common side effects of this type of drug are headache, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction or ED. Learn about side effects, warnings, dosage, and more. Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Examples. A diuretic (/ d a j r t k /) is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.This includes forced diuresis.A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet.There are several categories of diuretics. You can help by adding to it. From the Editor in Chief (interim), Subhash Banerjee, MD. Since the isolation of salicyclate from willow bark in around 1830s, followed by the discovery of aspirin (acetyl salicyclate) by Felix Hoffman of Bayer industry, Germany, in 1897, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been enjoying a blockbuster status in the pharmaceutical industry .In around 500 BCE, even before Drugs like marijuana and heroin mimic natural neurotransmitters. In the remainder, however, no clear single identifiable cause is found and their condition is labelled essential hypertension. Some examples include things such as nitric oxide and carbon dioxide as well as hormones such as acetylcholine, prostaglandins, and histamine. Some examples include things such as nitric oxide and carbon dioxide as well as hormones such as acetylcholine, prostaglandins, and histamine. Alcohol is a vasodilator, which means it opens the blood vessels. lonafarnib. When the blood vessels in your face dilate, they become more visible. Treatments include surgical closure (ligation), manual closure using platinum coils or specialized mesh inserted via the femoral artery or vein, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to block the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which maintains the vessel in an open position. Uses for vasodilators. Some drugs used to treat hypertension, such as calcium channel blockers also dilate blood vessels. But the vasodilators that work directly on the vessel walls are hydralazine and minoxidil. Causes blood vessels to relax (at low doses, it acts as a vasodilator) or constrict (at high doses, it acts as a vasoconstrictor). Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels. Vasodilators are medications used to open up blood vessels and prevent heart-related health conditions, but there are also natural vasodilators that can dilate vessels and increase blood flow. That said, these drugs still retain notable antihypertensive effects and may be used as add-on drugs in cases of treatment-resistant hypertension. Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Natural and OTC vasodilators are available. Avoid or Use Alternate Drug. Relax the smooth muscle in blood vessels, which causes the vessels to dilate. It results from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, in particular in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles.The process is the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.. To date, only one such study was found, that by de Cham-plain et al. The potency of the generic drug fentanyl is the reason the drug is measured in micrograms 2 4. thus lowering blood pressure. Chocolate, oysters, garlic, and fenugreek are a few examples of foods that are often considered natural aphrodisiacs. These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not satisfy Koch's postulates for and is also a vasodilator is being more widely used in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. Minoxidil is an oral medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Targeting reninangiotensin system Vasodilator drugs are poorly tolerated. Vasodilator: Opens blood vessels more fully and can help reduce high blood pressure and slow heart failure. Examples of Mcg. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body. Natural and OTC vasodilators are available. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.. Dear Readers, Contributors, Editorial Board, Editorial staff and Publishing team members, Menu. Vasodilators are drugs that open blood vessels, and are prescribed to treat angina, high blood pressure, heart diseases, and other medical problems. If untreated, the condition can result in congestive heart failure. Introduction. Synthetic drugs like brompheniramine (Dimetapp), hydroxyzine, viruses and antihistamines. Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. ACE inhibitors possess many common characteristics with another class of cardiovascular drugs, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, which are often used when patients are intolerant of the adverse effects produced by ACE inhibitors.ACE inhibitors do not completely prevent the formation of angiotensin II, as blockage is Causes blood vessels to relax (at low doses, it acts as a vasodilator) or constrict (at high doses, it acts as a vasoconstrictor). 1. Treatments include surgical closure (ligation), manual closure using platinum coils or specialized mesh inserted via the femoral artery or vein, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to block the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which maintains the vessel in an open position. Examples of empty strings. Common side effects of this type of drug are headache, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and erectile dysfunction or ED. Some examples of dihydropyridines include amlodipine, nifedipine, clevidipine, and felodipine. Vasodilators are drugs that open blood vessels, and are prescribed to treat angina, high blood pressure, heart diseases, and other medical problems. According to wine experts, this could be due to the tyramines and histamines found in the wine. Examples. Malignant hypertension is a term that has been used to describe patients with elevated blood pressure (BP) and multiple complications (End organ damage) with a poor prognosis.